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December 2008 Archives

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Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Harvard-Smithsonian CfA

"Looking for all the world like a New Year's fireworks display," is how NASA describes this Spitzer Space Telescope image of a star-forming region 6,500 light-years away in the constellation Cassiopeia.

We count on NASA to come up with space images that suit every festive occasion. We've seen images that fit the themes of Halloween and Christmas. I guess stars are like clouds, you can see in them anything imaginable.

NASA says this picture "is the best example yet of multiple sun-like stars being stripped of their planet-making dust by massive stars."

Radiation and winds from the massive stars (white spot in center) blast planet-making material away from stars like our sun, according to the NASA caption."The planetary material can be seen as comet-like tails behind three stars near the center of the picture. The tails are pointing away from the massive stellar furnaces that are blowing them outward."

I generally leave blogging about space news to my colleague Victoria Jaggard. Victoria is our space editor and author of the news blog Breaking Orbit, which she describes as a global discussion about all things extraterrestrial. Check it out.

Victoria will be in California next week for the winter meeting of the American Astronomical Society. Space geek that she is, Victoria is already sending us enthusiastic emails about the agenda, so look out for stories on the National Geographic News Web site.

A highlight of the AAS meeting, and another reason why I chose to use NASA's "Stellar Fireworks" image today, is that tomorrow, January 1, is the beginning of the International Year of Astronomy. You can read more about this on Victoria's blog.

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Magellanic penguin colony photo by Graham Harris/Wildlife Conservation Society.

Good news in the last few hours of a year that will not be remembered for good news: Argentina has proclaimed a new coastal marine park that will offer a sanctuary to a great many species, including half a million penguins.

"The park protects one of the most productive and extraordinary marine ecosystems on the planet," said Guillermo Harris, director of the Wildlife Conservation Society's Argentina Program. "The creation of this park comes in the nick of time for many species that are threatened by the region's fishing and energy industries."

New York-based Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) announced the news today.

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Last seen two million years ago, one of the early stone tools discovered in Wonderwerk Cave.

Photo by M. Chazan

The earliest evidence for cave occupation by hominids has been discovered in South Africa.

Stone tools found at the bottom level of Wonderwerk Cave show that human ancestors were in the cave two million years ago, earlier than thought, according to an international research team led by Michael Chazan, director of the University of Toronto's Archaeology Centre.

Geological evidence indicates that the tools were deposited in the cave by ancestors, not washed into the site from the outside, the team announced last week.

"There were a number of species of hominids in southern Africa two million years ago," according to a University of Toronto news release. "The most likely candidate as the manufacturer of the stone tools found at Wonderwerk is Homo habilis."

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Four years after the tsunami, corals are thriving in this transplant site on Achech, Indonesia.

Photo courtesy WCS

Coral reefs in areas of Indonesia devastated by the tsunami in the Indian Ocean four years ago today have made a rapid recovery, a team of scientists from the New York-based Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) reports.

The scientists, working in conjunction with the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies (ARCCoERS) along with government, community and non-government partners, has documented high densities of "baby corals" in areas that were severely impacted by the tsunami, the WCS said in a statement.

"On the 4th anniversary of the tsunami, this is a great story of ecosystem resilience and recovery," said Stuart Campbell, coordinator of the Wildlife Conservation Society's Indonesia Marine Program. "Our scientific monitoring is showing rapid growth of young corals in areas where the tsunami caused damage, and also the return of new generations of corals in areas previously damaged by destructive fishing.

"These findings provide new insights into coral recovery processes that can help us manage coral reefs in the face of climate change."

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Photo by L.S. Vors/WCS

Caribou could soon become endangered by threats such as oil exploration and climate change, according to a new book by authors from the Wildlife Conservation Society and the World Wildlife Fund.

"Many children who grow up in North America and Europe are familiar with caribou as symbols of holiday myths and legends," says Justina Ray, Executive Director of WCS-Canada and a co-author of the book.

Caribou is the name given to wild reindeer in North America. They are a familiar sight on holiday cards at this time of the year. Reindeer famously draw Santa's toy-laden sleigh through the starry Christmas sky.

"It's important to remember that reindeer play an important role in the rich ecosystems of the Northern Hemisphere that we all rely on." Ray said in a WCS news release about her book. "Protecting calving areas and other habitats needed to satisfy their enormous needs can help us conserve the caribou for the benefit of both the natural world and human culture."

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Bees Get a Buzz From Cocaine

Posted on December 23, 2008 | 0 Comments

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Illustration by Bruce Morser/NGS

Honey bees famously do their waggle dance to tell others in their hive precisely where to find a good source of nectar or pollen.

Australian Scientists have demonstrated that when bees are given a low dose of cocaine they dance "extremely vigorously," exaggerating the quality of the food source and behaving much like humans who consumed the highly addictive drug.

"Knowing that foraging honey bees are strongly motivated by rewards (dancing in response to the discovery of a rewarding nectar or pollen supply) and that this behavior is controlled by similar mechanisms to the ones that leave humans vulnerable to cocaine addiction, researchers wondered whether bees may be vulnerable to cocaine's allure at the right dose," says a news statement by The Journal of Experimental Biology.

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Proteas are best known as the national symbol of South Africa. Growing in size to as large as dinner plates, their flowers are a distinctive feature of Cape Town's Table Mountain.

Photo courtesy South African Tourism

New species of flowering plants called proteas are exploding onto the scene three times faster in parts of Australia and South Africa than anywhere else in the world, creating exceptional 'hotspots' of species richness, an international team of scientists reported today.

"Something special is happening in these regions: new species of proteas are appearing notably faster than elsewhere, and we suspect this could be the same case with other plant species too," said Vincent Savolainen, a biologist based at Imperial College London and the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, one of the authors of the new study.

"This study proves that the abundance of different kinds of proteas in these two areas isn't simply due to normal rates of species diversification occurring over a long period of time.

"This is the first step towards understanding why some parts of the planet with a Mediterranean-style climate have become species-rich biodiversity hotspots."

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Image of light-emitting diodes by Rensselaer/Kim and Schubert

If all of the world's light bulbs were replaced with energy-efficient LEDs for a period of 10 years, researchers say it would reduce global oil consumption by 962 million barrels, reduce the need for 280 global power plants, and reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 10 billion tons (a reduction in emissions of more than 12 percent, based on NASA estimates).

And all this would ultimately result in financial savings of U.S. $1.83 trillion.

"A revolution in the way we illuminate our world is imminent," say E. Fred Schubert and Jong Kyu Kim, two professors at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, New York.

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Photo of Grand Canyon by Michael Nichols/NGS

The U.S. Congress and the incoming Obama Administration have an opportunity to include national parks in economic recovery legislation to create jobs and restore the country's national treasures, the nonprofit National Parks Conservation Association (NPCA) said today.

"Congress and the Obama Administration should seize this opportunity -- the best in half a century -- to create jobs by reinvesting in our national park heritage," said NPCA President Tom Kiernan.

"The National Park Service could benefit from an investment exceeding $2.5 billion, including well over $1 billion worth of potential investments in ready-to-go park projects this year," he said in a press statement.

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Photo by J. Holden FFI

A frog with green blood and turquoise bones has been discovered in Cambodia's remote Cardamom Mountains, international conservation organization Fauna & Flora International (FFI) announced today.

The Samkos bush frog (Chiromantis samkosensis) is thought to be extremely rare, the UK-based charity said in a news statement. "Its strange colored bones and blood are caused by the pigment biliverdin, a waste product usually processed in the liver.

"In this species, the biliverdin is passed back into the blood giving it a green color; a phenomenon also seen in some lizards. The green biliverdin is visible through the frog's thin, translucent skin, making it even better camouflaged and possibly even causing it to taste unpalatable to predators."

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Celebrating India in Word and Image

Posted on December 18, 2008 | 0 Comments

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All photographs © 2008 Eric Meola. http://welcomebooks.com/india/

"What I see more than anything else is an entire nation embracing life," writes photographer Eric Meola in his book "India in Word & Image."

"Every day there is a celebration, if not dozens, throughout the country, for that is what India is about -- a continuous celebration of life and its mysteries."

With that as introduction, I set about exploring Meola's India. I wondered if he managed to portray something different to what I've seen in perhaps a dozen photo books about this extraordinary nation.

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Devil's Bible Darkest Secrets Explained

Posted on December 17, 2008 | 0 Comments

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It's a mysterious book that in its day was believed to contain all human knowledge. But why did medieval people believe that the author sold his soul to the devil to be able to write it? 

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Devil's Bible Photo open on the page of the picture showing Satan © MHP

The "Devil's Bible," a behemoth volume weighing in at 165 pounds, believed to have been produced by a single monk over the course of decades in the 13th Century, is the focus of a documentary that was featured on the National Geographic Channel .(Watch video clips below.)

A complete Old Testament and New Testament, and a collection of a number of secular works besides, the Devil's Bible is an encyclopedia of medieval knowledge. But it has also been haunted by dark speculation, including that its writing was guided by the devil's hand.

It got its name "Devil's Bible" from the illustration of the devil on page 290 (in the photo above). It is believed to be the only bible of its era that depicts Satan. There the devil is, looking more like a cartoon character in an ermine diaper, rather than evil incarnate.

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Photo by James L. Amos/NGS

The United States is one of the great golfing nations of the world.

But the many thousands of golf courses that dot the urban landscape are not without their critics. Environmentalists have decried the amount of water sometimes required to keep fairways and greens lush, especially in places that are naturally arid.

In other instances perfectly good natural hazards such as wetlands or beach dunes are bulldozed and supplanted with an artificial landscape.

There has also been criticism of the amount of pesticides and fertilizer, required to keep golf courses verdant, that winds up in the nation's waterways and oceans.

But can golf courses offer havens for wildlife being squeezed out of urban areas?

"With more than 2.2 million acres of green space on U.S. golf courses, there is great potential for golf courses to serve as sanctuaries for many wildlife species," says Mark Mackey, a graduate student of the University of Missouri who is studying this issue. "Managing landscapes for human use and the preservation of biodiversity will create a win-win situation for stakeholders and wildlife."

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Imogene Yarborough with her sons Bo and J.W., Geneva, Florida

Photo by Paul Mobley, from his book American Farmer: The Heart of Our Country
 
"I am 73 now, and every day of it," says cattle rancher Imogene Yarborough. "But still it is very gratifying when the cows are loaded in the semi and you see them going off to market. You see a job well done by your children, your land. It is a good feeling to just come in and close the gate behind you."
 
Yarborough is one of hundreds of people featured in "American Farmer: The Heart of Our Country," a startling portrait by photographer Paul Mobley of the men and women who devote their lives to put food on our table.
 
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National Geographic Chairman Gilbert M. Grosvenor has received many distinguished awards, including the highest U.S. civilian honor, the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

National Park Service Director Mary A. Bomar surprised Grosvenor yesterday with a new award in front of his colleagues and friends at National Geographic Society headquarters, in Washington, D.C.

She presented him with an Honorary National Park Ranger Award.

 

Photo by Robert L. Booth ©2008 National Geographic Society

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The 2008 winners of the National Geographic Society/Buffett Award for Leadership in Conservation are Denise Marçal Rambaldi, executive director of the Golden Lion Tamarin Association, and Fatima Jama Jibrell, founder of the humanitarian organization Horn Relief and co-founder of Sun Fire Cooking, which provides affordable solar cookers to the Somali people.

Rambaldi (lower photo) is being recognized for her leadership in conservation on the continent of South America. Jibrell wins for leadership in African conservation.

They will receive their U.S. $25,000 prizes at National Geographic headquarters in Washington, D.C., tonight.

Established through a gift from the Howard G. Buffett Foundation, the awards acknowledge the winners' outstanding work and lifetime contributions that further the understanding and practice of conservation in their countries.

Photos by Sebastien Viaud (top) and Roberto de Moraes

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CRIE DE COEUR
By Alexandra Fuller

If it was Robert Mugabe's intention to organize hell on Earth, he has succeeded. It's December in Zimbabwe, and that means the rains are frequent and the sun is at its hottest. The harvest--predicted to be ridiculously inadequate--is half a year away. Electricity is sporadic. No garbage has been collected for months. There has been no running water in many cities for days. Zimbabwe is a steam-bath of infection. Cholera, that most medieval of diseases, and the ultimate indication of a state that has failed her people, is rampant. Violence spills over.

I follow every new development because those are my people, in that hell.

Zimbabweans are not strangers to violence and terror. We once fought a bloody civil war to decide who would control the land. Brother turned on brother. We all lost someone in those years, and many of us learned to live with death; it was the background noise to our lives. Villages were razed to the ground. Yes, there were atrocities.

It was war, but it wasn't hell.

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Today is the 60th anniversary of the adoption of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

To mark the occasion, National Geographic has collaborated with The Elders and the ePals Global Community to produce an illustrated book of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in the simplest language.

"Every Human Has Rights: A Photographic Declaration for Kids" (Nov. 25, 2008; $17.95) offers kids an accessibly written list of these rights, commentary by other kids, and photography illustrating each right.

It may have been produced for kids, but I think every adult could benefit from reading this version of the declaration.

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Rock art photos and map courtesy Jack Pettigrew, University of Queensland

Rock art painted in an Australian cave many thousands of years ago depicts flying foxes not found in modern Australia, scientists report in the December issue of the journal Antiquity.

Fossilized remains of a wasp nest overlying the art tested to be 17,500 years old. That suggests that the paintings were made at least that long ago and perhaps even thousands of years before that during the coldest part of the Ice Age, when low sea levels would have made it easier for migration to Australia of either the bats or of the artists who painted them, the researchers said.

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All photos by Cagan Sekercioglu

Why do some bird species lay only one egg in their nest, and others ten?

The substantial variation in number of eggs in the nest (clutch size) between bird species has long puzzled behavioral, ecological, and evolutionary biologists. One method to explain it focused on the biology of species, such as body weight. Another approach looked at the environment, such as seasonality.

By using data on clutch size for 5,290 species, and combining it with a wealth of information on the biology and the environment of these species, scientists believe they may have some answers.

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Photo by James L Stanfield/NGS
To all the differences between cats and dogs, add another: They have evolved completely different locomotion efficiencies based on what has given them hunting success.

Duke University scientists studied how cats move when they stalk prey, a slow-motion gait that cautiously places one foot in front of the other. "If they're creeping, they're going to put this foot down, and then that foot down and then that one in an even fashion. We think it has to do with stability and caution," said Daniel Schmitt, a Duke associate professor of evolutionary anthropology.

Dogs depend on an energy-efficient style of four-footed running over long distances to catch their prey.

"Cats seem to have evolved a profoundly inefficient gait, tailor-made to creep up on a mouse or bird in slow motion," the researchers said in a statement. The "study suggests that evolution can behave as differently as dogs and cats."

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 Photo by L K Quyet Fauna & Flora International

Hope flickered a little higher for the critically endangered Tonkin snub-nosed monkey this week on news that another population of the extremely rare primate was discovered in a remote forest of northern Vietnam

"This new population provides hope for the future of this species, as the Tonkin snub-nosed monkey is now known to survive in no more than five locations in Vietnam, and at some locations the populations are probably in decline," British conservation charity Fauna & Flora International (FFI) said in a statement today.

"Habitat loss and hunting for the bush meat and traditional medicine trades have been pushing the species to the brink of extinction. At this new location, cardamom plantations and logging for the Chinese timber market are clearing the few forest refuges left for this unique primate," FFI said. 

The organization added that it had "arrived in the nick of time to drum up the local and international support necessary" to protect the newly found population.

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The data mosaic shows sea-ice coverage of mid-August 2008, revealing an almost ice-free Northwest Passage. The direct route through the Northwest Passage is highlighted by an orange line. The orange dotted line shows the indirect route, called the Amundsen Northwest Passage.
Image courtesy ESA

Radar data gathered by the European Space Agency's satellites in 2007 showed that the Arctic area covered by sea ice had shrunk to its lowest level since satellites began monitoring the area nearly 30 years ago.

"Data gathered this year revealed that the Northern Sea Route, also known as the Northeast Passage, and the Northwest Passage were both open simultaneously for the first time since satellite measurements began," the ESA said today. 

The agency is using the radar technology, which can monitor ice continuously through clouds and darkness, conditions often found in the region, to help ships navigate safely through the increasingly accessible Arctic.

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Lizard-ant-1.jpgThe critically endangered Roussea flower has been vanishing from Mauritius, an island in the Indian Ocean.

Now scientists have figured out why.

"The blue-tailed gecko is the only pollinator and seed disperser for the flower," says biologist Dennis Hansen. But alien ants that have invaded the island "have also taken a liking to the flower and are scaring the gecko away."

It's a case of an invasive species causing serious disruption to an ancient arrangement between gecko and plant.

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