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Results tagged “chimpanzees” from NatGeo News Watch

Pictures from some of the world's leading nature and wildlife photographers were exhibited at London's Saatchi Gallery today.

For those of us who couldn't make it to the British capital, Conservation International shared some of the images from the exhibit, shown here. The places they represent are indeed remarkable.

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On the Look Out: The peacock mantis shrimp (Odontodactylus scyllarus) is believed to have the most complex eyes in the animal kingdom. Each is capable of depth perception and trinocular vision. This allows the peacock mantis to detect semi transparent prey, different coral patterns, and the shimmering scales of hungry barracudas. They also have very powerful claws, known to break the glass of aquariums.

Photo by Sterling Zumbrunn/Caption by CI

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Beach Bum Chameleon: The panther chameleon (Furcifer pardalis) of Madagascar loves sunbathing and enjoys cockroaches. They change color for camouflage and to communicate. When carrying eggs, females turn dark brown or black with orange striping to tell males they aren't interested. When two males come into contact, they turn brighter colors to assert dominance. Often these battles end with the loser retreating, turning drab and dark.

Photo by Cristina Mittermeier/Caption by CI

The exhibition, entitled "Thrive!", and organized by CI and the BG Group, "aims not only to showcase examples of nature's beauty and fragility, but to underscore how human well being and the natural world are inextricably linked," CI said in a statement accompanying the photos.

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Monkeys on the Move: The Northern muriqui (Brachyteles hypoxanthus) is a critically endangered resident of Brazil's Atlantic Forest. Less than one thousand remain. To help revive them and other unique species, CI helped create green corridors linking the remaining fragments of the Atlantic Forest, assuring animals have a wider home to roam.

Photo by Luciano Candisani/Caption by CI

The exhibition was opened by CI President Russell A. Mittermeier and BG Group Executive Vice President Charles Bland on Thursday.

"Mittermeier, one of the world's most famous conservationists, is a legendary field biologist who has discovered numerous new species of animals, and is a world authority on primates, amphibians and the wildlife of Madagascar, the Guianas and Brazil," CI's statement added.

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No Blast Fishing: A community patrolman on his dugout canoe near the island of Batanta, Raja Ampat. Local communities, aware of the importance of reef habitats to their fisheries, have learned to patrol their waters to protect against cyanide and blast fishing.

Photo by Sterling Zumbrunn/Caption by CI

"We are at a critical time in the history of the planet. Over the next decade decisions are going to be made that will affect the lives of millions of people and the survival of thousands of plants and animals," Mittermeier said. "Conservation International's mission is to protect the world's ecosystems for the benefit of humanity. The partnership with BG Group allows us to use photography as a tool for conserving the incredible biodiversity and cultures featured in this exhibition."

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A New Species Found Each Week: Raja Ampat, Papua, Indonesia, has one of the most dense concentrations of marine life on Earth, with over 1,000 species of fish and 600 of coral. In one year, CI divers discovered more than 50 previously unknown species of shrimp, coral, and reef fish - an average rate of one per week. All this in an area about 1/10th the size of England.

Photo by Sterling Zumbrunn/Caption by CI

Charles Bland said: "At BG Group we understand that our business activity can have an impact upon the environment and we are committed to making a positive contribution to protecting the environment. Our alliance with CI supports this by helping to build awareness of the importance of our natural world."

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Much Ado Below the Surface: 1,250 fish species and 600 hard corals; the greatest biodiversity concentration for a territory its size anywhere on earth. Wayag Lagoon in Raja Ampat, Indonesia, is one of several marine protected areas created thanks in part to CI's Rapid Assessment Program (RAP). These surveys quickly document uncharted habitats to help prioritize areas for protection.

Photo by Sterling Zumbrunn/Caption by CI

slender-legged-treefrog-picture.jpgBrand New Frog?
This handsome, slender legged treefrog, while known to be a Osteocephalus, may be a new species. Discovered by CI scientists on a recent trip to Para, researchers are still trying to verify if it's ever been identified. With species going extinct every 20 minutes, many disappear without a trace. Since new animal finds have helped humans with everything from diffusing landmines to curing forms of cancer, no one knows what is lost to us when a species vanishes.

Photo by Luciano Candisani/Caption by CI

Said Cristina Mittermeier, Director of the International League of Conservation Photographers (ILCP), and one of the photographers whose work is featured in the exhibit, "Conservation photography is a mixture of art, journalism and environmentalism. It mixes beauty and abstract images with profound social comment, and it provides motivation for those who often live in a world far removed from the people, places and wildlife that are featured in this stunning exhibition."

Grauer's-gorilla-picture.jpgGentle Giant:
Though capable of highly intimidating displays of power when threatened, the largest of the gorillas, Grauer's gorilla, is generally calm and non aggressive.. There are about 16,000 in the wild. All live in the Democratic Republic of Congo. War in the Congo has been a drain on tourism, a primary source of funding for the gorilla's protection.

Photo by John Martin/Caption by CI

Fish-in-Raja-Ampat-picture.jpgMore Fish Species Than Anywhere On Earth:
CI scientists have documented more than 1,200 species of fish in Raja Ampat, Indonesia, more than any other coral reef environment on the planet. Scientists also believe there are over 550 coral species, an astonishing 70 percent of the world's total.

Photo by Sterling Zumbrunn/Caption by CI

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Chimpanzee Orphanage:
Endangered, the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) is believed to have shared the same ancestry as humans 6 million years ago, making it the closest living relative to human beings. Habitat loss, hunting for bushmeat, and human disease are among the threats it faces. Sanctuaries, like Lwiro in the Democratic Republic of Congo, provide care for orphans. Nearly half of primate species worldwide are endangered.
Photo by Russ Mittermeier/Caption by CI
 

Congo Chimps Harvest Ants Sustainably

Posted on September 15, 2009 | 0 Comments

Chimpanzees in the wild use specialized "tool kits" to forage food, it is known.

Scientists reported earlier this year that chimps raiding beehives used several tools in a single tool-using episode and could also use a single tool for many different purposes.

Now the same researchers report that not only do chimps use specialized tool kits to forage for army ants, but they are selecting tools and techniques that will not overly disturb and cause the ants to abandon the area--a sustainable method of harvesting that secures a renewable source of food.

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Photo courtesy Sanz/Morgan, Goualougo Triangle Ape Project, Republic of Congo

Behaviors like these are fascinating because they hint at tool choices and strategies that might have been used by common ancestors of chimps and humans.

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The latest chimp tool study was published earlier this month in the American Journal of Primatology. The research was funded in part by the National Geographic Society's Committee for Research and Exploration.

A team from the Goualougo Triangle Ape Project, led by Crickette Sanz, a biological anthropologist at Washington University in St. Louis, studied several communities of chimpanzee throughout the Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park in the Republic of Congo.

"After spending a collective 111 months in the Goualougo Triangle, the team recovered 1,060 tools and collected 25 video recordings of chimpanzees using them to forage for army ants," said a statement about the research by Washington University.

"It is already known that chimpanzees use tools when foraging for honey or collecting termites. However, the variation in techniques and the relationship between the ants and the chimpanzees has perplexed scientists for decades," the university added.

chimp-picture-2.jpgPhoto courtesy Sanz/Morgan, Goualougo Triangle Ape Project, Republic of Congo

"The use of tool sets is rare and has most often been observed in great apes," Sanz said . "Until now there have been no reports of regular use of more than one type of tool to prey upon army ants.

"In other studies, based across Africa, chimpanzees have been seen to prey on army ants both with and without tools, and it was inexplicable why some chimpanzees used different techniques to gather the same prey."

The average number of tools recovered by the team at each site was 3.37, while 36 percent of recovered tools sets contained two types of tools, nest-perforating tools like (woody saplings) and ant-dipping probes (such as herb stems).

Ant-dipping probes are the most commonly observed method of catching army ants, the scientists found. "The chimpanzee inserts a probe into a nest or column of ants and gathers the individuals who stream up the tool."

Perforating tools are used to open nests so the chimpanzee can gather the ants within.

Adult male chimpanzee uses a tool set when visiting an army ant nest. He first uses a sapling with leafy branches intact on the unused end to perforate the nest, and then follows with an herbaceous dipping wand.

Video Credit: Goualougo Triangle Ape Project, Nouabale-Ndoki National Park, Republic of Congo.

"While the tools sets observed during this study were similar to other recorded tools, this research suggests that chimpanzees are selecting tools depending on the characteristics of the ant species they are foraging," Washington University said.

"There are several varying species of ants found throughout the triangle, but their characteristics can be divided into two categories, epigaeic or intermediate.

"Epigaeic ants have longer legs so can run faster and can inflict a more painful bite. They forage on the ground and in the vegetation and when attacked the workers counter-attack in large swarms.

"Intermediate species forage only in the leaf litter and withdraw into underground tunnels or into the leaf litter when attacked."

Preventing an ant counter-attack

Chimpanzees that harvest ants simply by raking a nest open with their hands cause a massive counter-attack from the ants, Washington University said. "This results not only in bites but the attack may provoke the ants to migrate and build a new nest at a different location.

"However, by using the perforation tools the chimps can entice the ants out and can allow the insertion of the second tool for dipping.

"This not only reduces the ant's aggressive behaviour but may also be a 'sustainable harvesting' technique as the ants will stay in that location allowing the chimpanzees to revisit this renewable source of food."

picture-of-tools-used-by-chimpanzees.jpgTool set used by chimpanzees to prey upon army ants in the Goualougo Triangle, Republic of Congo. The top two tools are herbaceous dipping probes. The bottom tool is a perforating tool with the leafy branches intact at one end. Above the perforating tool is a measuring tape totaling about 8 inches in length.

Photo courtesy Sanz/Morgan, Goualougo Triangle Ape Project, Nouabale-Ndoki National Park, Republic of Congo.

The chimpanzees practise recycling by recognising tool forms and re-using tools which have been discarded by other individuals during previous visits, Washington University added..

"It has only recently been discovered that these particular chimpanzees use several different types of tool sets which could be their cultural signature of sorts," concluded co-author David Morgan, research fellow at Lincoln Park Zoo. "There is an urgency to learn about these behaviours as the existence of the apes in the Congo Basin is threatened by commercial logging, bushmeat hunting, and emerging diseases."

The research was funded by the National Geographic Society's Committee for Research and Exploration, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,  Columbus Zoological Park, Brevard Zoological Park, and Lowry Zoological Park.

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Wild chimpanzees using tools to raid bee nests have been observed in many parts of Africa. Now observations of chimpanzees in the Congo Basin indicate that they may have developed sophisticated technical solutions to gather honey that differ from those of apes in other regions.

The Goualougo Triangle Ape Project research, funded in part by the National Geographic Society, is published in the current issue of the International Journal of Primatology.

Dave Morgan, of the Lester E. Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, and Crickette Sanz, of the department of primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany, monitored 40 episodes of tool use in honey-gathering by chimpanzees in the Goualougo Triangle, Republic of Congo, between 2002 and 2006.

"Pounding [hammering with a sturdy club] was the most common and successful strategy to open beehives," they noted in their research paper. (Watch the video below.)

Video captures courtesy Morgan and Sanz

Chimpanzees at this site, in the southern portion of Congo's Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park, used several tools in a single tool-using episode and could also use a single tool for many different purposes. "They exhibited flexibility in responses toward progress in opening a hive and hierarchical structuring of tool sequences," Morgan and Sanz wrote.

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The results supported suggestions of regional tool-using traditions in honey-gathering, which could be shaped by variation in bee ecology across the chimpanzee range, they added.

Bees have developed effective means of protecting their hives that most often involve the fortification and concealment of their nests. Different bee species show particular nesting habits, but there is also variation in nest building within species.

Some bees build nests in tree hollows or other preexisting cavities. Others may find lodging underground, in the forest canopy, or within the nests of other insects such as ants or termites.

Certain bees also restrict or close the nest entrance when an intruder is detected.

Another form of nest defense is to pursue or sting the intruder. Bees also have alarm pheromones that mark the raider so as to direct one another to the threat, the scientists said.

"The task of the honey-gathering chimpanzee is to overcome the defensive strategies of the bees themselves, breach the protective structure of the hive, and extract the honey and larvae."

The different defense strategies of the bees could require honey raiders to apply different combinations of tactics.

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Photos of Aimee, the rescued baby chimp, courtesy Jill Pruetz

This story began last Sunday when Jill Pruetz, an anthropologist at Iowa State University, sent out a frantic email: "I just got a phone call from Johnny, my field assistant in Senegal, who told me he thinks that an infant chimp from the Fongoli community was taken by people near the southern end of the range," she wrote.

The initial report was that the baby had been found by two men who had been out hunting when their dogs startled a group of chimpanzees. The apes fled, leaving the baby behind, according to their story.

Pruetz jumped into action. She consulted Janis Carter, who has worked with sanctuary chimps for years in the Gambia and also has ongoing conservation projects in Guinea and Senegal, and then briefly with a vet at Iowa State University about topical medicines for the baby chimp's scrapes and eye injuries, evident in the photo above.

Then she jumped on a plane to Senegal. We didn't hear from Pruetz again until today, when she emailed the good news that the baby chimp was reunited successfully with its mother.

Watch Pruetz in this video tell the story of how she reunited the baby chimp with her mother (added to this blog entry on February 6):

The Fongoli chimps -- named after a river that runs through their range -- were made media stars by Pruetz.

In 2007 she and colleagues reported that, for the first time, great apes -- the Fongoli chimps in Senegal -- had been observed making and using tools to hunt mammals. The research was funded in part by the National Geographic Society and was featured in National Geographic Magazine and in a NOVA/National Geographic Television documentary.

Also in 2007, Pruetz reported that the Fongoli chimpanzees take shelter from the scorching heat in caves. "The discovery has raised chatter among primate researchers, who say it's the first known case of regular cave use by an ape species," National Geographic News reported.

In recognition of her pioneering work, Pruetz was named a National Geographic Emerging Explorer last year.

So when Pruetz sent out her urgent email on Sunday, many people were naturally concerned.

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